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CD1d is a membrane protein non-covalently bonded to β2-microglobulin (β2m) and shows high homology between human and mice. CD1d can present α-galactosylceramide (α-GalCer), a glycolipid extracted and isolated from the marine sponge, and this complex can activate human and murine CD1drestricted NKT cells. CD1d Tetramer-PE is a reagent prepared by tetramerization of complexes of CD1d and β2m by PE- or APC- labeled streptavidin. Binding this reagent to α-GalCer enables highly sensitive detection of CD1d-restricted NKT cells and can be combined with antibodies to study NKT cell function by flow cytometry.

 

Mitophagy is the selective degradation of old or depolarized mitochondria by autophagy and contributes maintaining a healthy population of mitochondria. Since damaged mitochondria lead to collapse cell homeostasis, mitophagy is believed to protect against diseases related to mitochondrial dysfunction such as neurodegenerative disorders.
Parkin, an ubiquitin ligase known as the gene responsible for Parkinson’s disease, plays an important role in autophagic elimination of mitophagy. When mitochondria are depolarized and dysfunctional, PTEN-induced putative kinase protein 1 (PINK1) accumulates on the outer membrane, and recruits Parkin on the damaged mitochondria. The outer membrane on the mitochondria is then ubiquitinated through the ubiquitin ligase activity of Parkin. Finally, the poly- ubiquitinated mitochondria are selectively recognized and executed by autophagic process.

  • Large Stokes shift
  • For use with simultaneous multicolor imaging
  • For use with single laser line FCCS
Detection of mitophagy with Keima-Red

CoralHue™ dimeric Keima-Red (dKeima-Red) and CoralHue™ monomeric Keima-Red (mKeima-Red) are red fluorescent proteins with extremely large Stokes shift. They absorb light maximally at 440 nm and emit red light at 616 nm and 620 nm, respect ively. There are no other fluorescent proteins with this unique fluorescence. Because of this characteristic, they are excited by a very short wavelength but emit a long wavelength. Keima is named after a shogi (Japanese chess) piece Keima (桂馬) that can move in the hopping manner, similar to the knight in the game of chess.

The large Stokes shift property of Keima-Red allows effective applications such as for single wavelength excitation simultaneous multi-color imaging and single laser line FCCS.

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